George W. Bush is the son of George and Barbara Bush. Hisfather was the 41st president of the United States. Bush won in 1968 the bachelor's degree from the prestigious Yale Universityin 1975 and a Master of Business Administration at the equallyfamous Harvard Business School. Between these two studieswas pilot of an F-102, for the Texas National Guard.
Bush is a scion of a family of politicians. Prescott Bush, Bush's grandfather was a senator and his father was president from 1989 to 1993. His brother Jeb was governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. George W. Bush married Laura Welch in 1977, a former teacher and librarian. They have two daughters, Barbara andJenna Bush's twin.
Bush was born in Connecticut, the first child of George HW Bush and his wife Barbara Bush. When he was two years old they moved to the state of Texas. He was raised in Midland and Houston. The couple was after George Bush's five children, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, Dorothy and Robin. Robin died in 1953 at the age of three from leukemia. Bush sat on the Phillips Academy and then became a student at Yale University, the university where his father had studied. In 1968 he became a Bachelor of Arts degree after studying history.During his time at Yale, he helped in various election campaigns for the Republicans. Bush was a member of the Yale Skull and Bones society decided. According to Bush himself, he was an average student. In 1968, Bush reserve officer pilot in the Texas National Guard.During the rest of his career he would be criticized because his service there was short and irregular as it was present. In 1972 he was transferred to Alabama so he could work on the Republican Senate campaign. In 1974 he received permission for six months to six year old asked his department to close in order to study at Harvard. During this period, Bush had an alcohol problem. Bush later admitted at that time to have drunk too much and that he had an irresponsible youth. On September 4, 1976 Bush was arrested for drunk driving. He was found guilty and was until 1978 no car rijden.Bush knew this secret, during his years as governor of Texas, but it would later do in the papers. After Bush had taken his MBA from Harvard, he entered the oil industry. In 1977 he was presented by friends to Laura Welch, who was teacher and librarian was. George and Laura were married three months after she had a relationship. They went to live in Midland, where she had twins in 1981. They named the twins Jenna and Barbara. In 1978, Bush took part in the elections for the House of Representatives, but he lost to Democrat Kent Hance the. Bush withdrew back into the oil industry and worked for several energy companies. He said the alcohol in 1986 goodbye and began studying the Bible. Bush moved with his family in 1988 to Washington, DC, where he supported his father in his campaign for the presidency. Together with Lee Atwater and Doug WEAD he designed a strategy, the conservative voter that they should win. When Bush came back in Texas, he bought a share of the Texas Rangers baseball team. In 1993 he ran just before the elections, the governor of Houston Marathon.
Coinciding with his father's election as president in 1988, there were speculations that George W. Bush in 1990, it would undermine the governor elections. However, this was the path pursued by personal problems and just because he had become co-owner of the Texas Rangers. Partly because of the success he achieved with the Rangers in 1994 George decided to candidate as governor of Texas. His brother Jeb also participated in the elections, but in Florida. When Bush quite easily by the Republicans was chosen as the new candidate, he was up against the then Governor Ann Richards. Bush in his campaign was helped by a group of advisors, including Karen Hughes, Allbaugh and John Karl Rove. His team of advisers to the campaign decided to focus on education, crime and deregulation of the economy. Bush developed a positive image during the elections. The campaign was criticized for controversial methods used to policy to attack Richards. With impressive performance during the debates increased the popularity of Bush. As governor, he improved the schools, and he reformed the legal system. During his governorship, 152 prisoners were executed, more than during any other term governor.
In 1998 Bush re-elected with a majority of 69% of the votes. He thus became the first Texas governor who was elected to two terms of four years (before 1975 there were periods of two years).
Presidential Election 2000
In the 2000 presidential election, Bush was elected president, with a very small difference between the Democratic candidate and incumbent Vice President Al Gore. This election to the presidency went controversial. In Florida uproar arose: some of the votes in some districts were invalidated because voters were criminals (perpetrators of certain crimes lose their right to vote in the U.S.). It was said that the voting forms in one county were unclear, so many people would have voted incorrectly, and elsewhere that not all votes had been counted by the machines properly, allowing a manual recount would be necessary. Gore went to the Supreme Court of Florida for such a recount to be requested, but only four specific counties (ie counties where it was known that the majority of registered voters democrat), and this was granted. Then Bush had proposed in a petition to the same court that the recount in only four counties selected by the Florida election is not permitted and that the recount is to stop, or at least all counties should take place. This argument was rejected, so Bush went to the Federal Supreme Court of the United States to stop the local recounts. (For a general recount was not enough time in the election in Florida.) With a 5-4 decision, the Federal Supreme Court gave Bush the same. Bush eventually won thanks to a difference of 537 votes in Florida, an absolute majority of electors in the College, and was therefore elected president. Although Bush a minority of the popular vote had won, he won the presidential election because the number of votes of the College of electors decide who becomes president. It was the sixth time in U.S. history it happened.
Presidential Election 2004
In the presidential elections of November 2, 2004 Bush won with 51% of the vote. His opponent John Kerry got 48%. Alsostrengthened the Republicans their grip on Congress to gain seatin the House of Representatives and the Senate. The politicalstrategy for re-election of Bush was determined by Karl Rove whois seen as a key adviser to President Bush. The Dutchman CarelVerschoor was a key adviser to Bush's foreign. The second and last term of Bush ended on January 20, 2009.
As in the presidential election in 2000, there were noises aboutelectoral fraud, this time in Ohio that could have been done [9].These sounds were weaker than in 2000.
Presidency
while Bush was elected on a program of most domestic policiessuch as tax breaks and other social and economic issues werethe attacks on september 11, 2001 more than any otehr event the bush presidency would be defined
Foreign policy and security
Bush with Swedish Prime Minister Goran Person and former Chairman of the Commission. Of theEuropean Union, Romano Prodi at Gunnebo Slott near Gothenburg, Sweden,14, 2001. One of the pillars of foregn policy of bush's so-called Bush Doctrine that states that the U.S. will make no distinction between terrorists and those who shelter terrorists.
Kyoto Protocol During his first presidential visit to Europe in June 2001, Bush criticized by European leaders for his rejection of the Kyoto Protocol, which seeks to reduce carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to global warming. While the representatives of the United States and other countries have negotiated the Kyoto Protocol, had the U.S. Senate in 1997 in a 95-0 vote demanded that there should be binding commitments for developing countries in the protocol. Although the protocol in 1998, symbolically signed by Peter Burleigh, the acting U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, was by then President Bill Clinton never proposed to the Senate for ratification. In 2002, Bush protested strongly against the treaty that would harm economic growth: "My approach recognizes that economic growth is the solution not the problem." The Bush administration also disputed the scientific basis for the treaty. In November 2004 Russia ratified the treaty, by which the required minimum number of countries reached the Protocol into force without the United States.
Steel The levy tariffs on imported steel by Bush was controversial given Bush's free market policies and was also criticized by both conservatives and the countries concerned. The steel tariff was later withdrawn under pressure from the WTO.
Softwood Canada and the United States since the early 1980s, a dispute over trade in softwood. An agreement signed in 1996 expired in 2001, and the conflict flared again when the two countries could not reach agreement on a new agreement. The Bush administration then lifted an import tariff on Canadian softwood in 2003 by the NAFTA was judged as illegal. In the same decision also ruled that Canada's NAFTA softwood industry unfairly subsidized. International organizations like yhe GTO and NAFTA gave conflicting judgments, and it took until July 2006 until the Bush administration with the canadian goverment reached an agrement where by part of the canadian wish was met alt hougth the U.S. is not all levied import taxes would have to repay.
Latin America
During his campaign in 2000 included President Bush's foreign policy platform supporting greater economic and politicalrelationship with Latin America, especially Mexico, and reducedinvolvement in civilian and military small-scale contracts. In Colombia, Bush sees a strong regional ally in the fight againstterrorism, while the populist Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez,Bush at the United Nations spoke highly undiplomatic, as adisruptive influence is seen. With several countries in LatinAmerica, Bush seeks free trade agreements.
Afghanistan
After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, killing nearly3,000 Americans were slain, focused foreign policy of Bush is much more on the Middle East. Shortly after the attacks, Bushlaunched an invasion of Afghanistan to the Taliban regimeoverthrow, because they gave Osama bin Laden shelter. The Taliban refused to extradite bin Laden unconditionally and totraining camps of terrorist groups to close, then America and herallies, military intervention. This action had strong international support and the Taliban fell quickly after the invasion. Endereconstruction efforts by the Afghan President Hamid Karzai, in consultation with the United Nations have had mixed results,when bin Laden was not found. Ten years later, Americasucceeded, under the administration of President Barack Obamamanaged to bin Laden and to detect it in the house in Pakistan where he was staying to murder. A significant contingent ofAmerican troops and advisors in Afghanistan and is still a part of the country remains unsettled.
Missile Treaty On December 14, 2001 Bush withdrew his country from the antiballistic missile treaty of 1972, which had been a base for nuclear stability between the U.S. and Soviet Union during the Cold War, which he considered irrelevant. Bush has since concentrated resources on a ballistic missile defense system.The proposed system is the subject of much academic criticism.The tests in this area are mixed, with both successes and failures. It is scheduled for installation beginning in 2005. A ballistic missile defense system will not cruise missiles or rockets by a boat or land vehicle to be transported to stop. Therefore, critics of the system that it is a costly mistake, to the least likely attack is built, a ballistic missile with nuclear warhead. Bush also spends on military research and development and modernization of weapons systems, but canceled programs as the Crusader self-propelled artillery system. Initially also begun research into bunker-infiltrating nuclear missiles.
Iraq Since the policy provision in the Act for the Liberation of Iraq in 1998, the U.S. declared that it would remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, said the Bush administration that the situation in Iraq had become urgent now. It said that Saddam's regime had tried to acquire nuclear material and improper accounting had on biological and chemical materials that would have, including potential weapons of mass destruction in violation of the UN sanctions There is a debate between supporters and opponents of the war, evidence which the U.S. and its allies that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction and had ties to terrorist organizations.
Bush claimed that Saddam's WMD to terrorists such as al Qaeda could supply. Beginning in 2002, and to varying degrees in the spring of 2003, Bush exerted pressure on the UN to its disarmament mandates to Iraq to act, leading to the disarmament of Iraq crisis. He began by pushing for renewed UN weapons inspections in Iraq, the UN instituted Resolution of the UN Security Council 1441. Hans Blix and Mohamed ElBaradei gave guidance to the UN weapons inspectors in Iraq.There were some time scales and in cooperation by the Iraqi government placed restrictions on the inspections, leading to intense debate abaout the effectiveness of inspections.The increasing pressure from the United States in the spring of 2003 forced the UN weapons inspectors the inspections to end. After his arrest he claimed Saddam still had weapons of mass destruction and that he wanted inspectors to presidential sites let go because of the privacy.
The Bush administration urged Secretary of State Colin Powell that the U.S. should not conduct war without UN approval. The policy examined the possibility of a V.N. Security Council resolution to obtain the use of military force under the Charter of the United Nations, but abandoned the idea because the majority of the members of the Security Council were against the idea and a public threat of a veto from France. Instead, the United States brought a group of about forty countries together, including the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, Poland and the Netherlands in the "coalition of attackers". The coalition invaded Iraq in March in which the many resolutions on Iraq Security quoted (715, 778, 1060, 1150, 1205 and 1441), current and past lack of Iraqi cooperation with those resolutions, Saddam's intermittent refusal to take the weapons inspectors UN cooperate, the accusation that Saddam former President George HW Bush in Kuwait and tried to murder Saddam's violation of the cease-fire agreements in 1991. The coalition argued that these resolutions the use of force authorized signatories. Other world leaders, including Secretary-General Kofi Annan, disagreed and called the war illegal. The primary stated goal of the Iraq war was to stop in drafting and developing WMD by removing Saddam from power. See Gulf War (2003) for details. The coalition was very successful on the conventionally armed Iraqi forces and soon gained military superiority across the country. Following the declared end of major combat operations on May 1, 2003 caused significantly more problems than the rebel leaders of the U.S. had predicted. The American public support for the policies of Bush in Iraq fell as the fighting continued. Moreover, there was a report by people from both political parties of the secret services is no credible evidence that Saddam Hussein massavernietingingswapens owned, although the report is concluded that the government of Hussein actively sought technology to acquire that Iraq would allow weapons of mass destruction production once the UN sanctions were removed. The report also found "no cooperation" between Saddam Hussein and Al Qaeda. Bush has defended his decision, while arguing that the "world is safer today." There are questions about biased formation or distortion of prewar intelligence reports, the democratization of the Middle East, its relationship to the "war on terror", the ratio of U.S. to European powers and the role and function of the United Nations, the reconstruction of Iraq and its impact on neighboring countries such as Iran, Syria, Lebanon and Turkey. In December 2006, Bush for the first time that he was not winning in Iraq. In response to the deteriorating situation in Iraq, Bush announced on January 10, 2007 a strong increase in the number of U.S. troops in Iraq, called Troop surge. After landing the troops completed in the summer of 2007, starting the violence in iraq falling sharply. Critics of Bush call it lack of political progress and stay on his Iraq policy protest.
Second Inaugural speech
Bush used his second inaugural speech in 2005 for his vision ofspreading democracy in the world to give. He stated that the U.S. policy would be to prevent the spread of democratic values in order bevoorderen "ending tyranny in the world." He also statedthat the maintenance of "freedom in our country increasinglyrelies on the success of liberty in other countries." Critics call thespeech too idealistic and vague while supporters praise his vision.
Israel and Palestine
During the first years of his presidency, Bush spent relatively little time on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He categorically refusedby the former leader of the PLO, Yasser Arafat, having to dealand waited for new Palestinian leadership. In 2005 Bush becamethe first American president who openly expressed support for a"democratic Palestinian state living peacefully side by side therewith a secure Israel." In November 2007 Bush called aconference in Annapolis, Maryland where Israel, the Palestiniansand other Arab countries were present. Bush said the aim to haveat the end of 2008 a definitive peace agreement between Israeland the Palestinians to reach.
Military expendituresOf the $ 2.4 trillion in budget 2005 are approximately $ 401 billion earmarked for defense (16.7%, Netherlands in comparison, 5.7%). Adjusted for inflation, this military budget is higher than in the 90's of last century, but roughly comparable to the average during the Cold War.
Political ideologyBush is generally described as conservative or "compassionate conservative", the latter is a term he himself used. Conservatives have criticized Bush for his willingness to maintain large fiscal deficits. In his first policy document of 2005, he outlined his new foreign policy as the "National Security Strategy". The supporters of Bush's rejection of "balance of power" policy and a redefinition of the role of America in the international forum as a necessary policy. Critics of Bush as the withdrawal of America from the international forum.
Domestic PolicyReligion-based initiativesIn early 2001 Bush changed by Republicans in Congress that the law the way of control, taxation and financing by the federal government regulates charitable and nonprofit initiatives from religious organizations. Although these organizations for the legislation was possible to receive federal assistance, these organizations have with their charitable functions, the new legislation no longer separate their religious functions. Bush created a position within the White House faith-based initiatives and communities. Several organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) have the faith-based initiatives program, Bush criticized for a violation of the separation of church and state found.
DiversityBush has opposed most forms of affirmative action opposition, but has approvingly commented on a ruling by the Federal Supreme Court that the continued selection of university candidates based on diversity possible. Bush, the National Urban League as president met. In 2000, he spoke as a presidential candidate in Baltimore for the annual conference of the NAACP
Colin Powell was Bush's first term, the first black government minister of foreign affairs. In 2005, Powell succeeded by Condoleezza Rice, the first black woman in the same position.
Bush is against gay marriage and supported a proposal to the Constitution of the United States to adjust so that the marriage would be defined as the union of man and woman. So it must be impossible for individual states in their legislation to legalize gay marriage. Bush wants to allow states to recognize civil society contracts.
During the first term of Bush, Michael Guest first openly gay ambassador (in Romania). (The first openly gay ambassador, James Hormel, was given a recess appointment of Bill Clinton when the Senate was about to confirm).
EconomyDuring his first term, Bush obtained congressional approval for three major tax cuts, which increased the income tax reduction for married couples, eliminated property taxes and other marginal tax rates reduced. These tax cuts will be in their present form at the end of a decade lapsed. Bush has asked Congress for these tax cuts permanent. According to the Center for Budget Priorities and Policy, it had total federal income tax cuts in 2003 as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) is reduced to its lowest level since 1959.
The effect of these tax cuts was combined with simultaneous increases in spending or budget deficits create. In the last years of the Clinton presidency of the federal budget showed an annual surplus of over $ 230 billion. Bush turned the budget deficit. The annual deficit reached record levels of $ 374 billion in 2003 (adjusted for inflation) and $ 413 billion in 2004. However, these deficits as a percentage of GDP is lower than the record after the Second World War, that due to the fiscal policies of Ronald Reagan in the 80's was located. In an open letter in 2004, wrote more than 100 professors of finance and economic matters the "fiscal reversal" to the policies of the Bush tax cuts that primarily benefit the top layer of the income pyramid. "
Proponents of Bush objected that mainly due to doubling the value of the child tax credit, "7.8 million families with low or average income saw their entire income tax obligation is canceled due to the valley of the tax cuts." Moreover, the Bush administration to deal with a unique combination of negative factors including the end of the Internet bubble, several accounting scandals, the aftermath of the Asian crisis and shaken consumer confidence after 9 / 11, all of the global economy serious damage was caused. The Bush administration continued U.S. consumption levels. This benefited both the economy in the U.S. and the rest of the world.
According to the "baseline" forecast of federal revenue and spending by Congress Bureau of Budget (CBO, in its projections of the budget of the Baseline of January 2005), the trend of rising deficits during the first term of Bush into shrinking deficit during his second term. According to this projection, the 2005 deficit at $ 368 billion, $ 261 billion in 2007, and $ 207 billion in 2009, with a small surplus in 2012. The CBO noted, however, that this projection "a significant portion of expenditure for this year are disregarded - and perhaps in the future - for U.S. military actions in Iraq and Afghanistan and other activities related to the worldwide" war on terror '. " The projection also assumes that the tax cuts Bush on December 31, 2010 will expire as the law.However, as Bush has announced, the tax cuts are continued, then the "budget for 2015 forecasts a surplus of $ 141 billion to a deficit of $ 282 billion change."
After the last jobs report before the election of 2004 was released, continued to criticize Bush and Kerry supporters from the first U.S. president from Herbert Hoover during whose term net loss had occurred. By the numbers in November and December, Bush managed to count it in a net increase of jobs during his first term to come.
Social services
Bush has proposed major changes in Social Security of theUnited States (Social Security), an issue which he identified as a priority for his second term. In 2005, Bush made a proposal for tax incentives for taxation of Social Security progressive reductionand partial privatization of the pension plan is taken by individualworkers allow a portion of their Social Security taxes in personalretirement accounts to invest. Most Democrats and manyRepublicans are critical of such ideas, partly because therequisite cost of the plan ($ 1 trillion or more) the transition to payand because of the difficulties encountered in financing theprivatized pension plan in the United Kingdom.
health
Bush signed the The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, the coverage of prescription drugs added to Medicare in the United States (Medicare), drug companies subsidized and the federal government hampered in negotiating discounts with pharmaceutical companies.
Bush is "pro-life (against abortion), its purpose is itself as a" culture of life "promotion.
EducationIn January 2002 Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act, focusing on supporting early learning targets. The Act regulates the performance measurement of the student, gives policy options for tackling failing schools, and ensures more resources for schools. Critics, including Senator Kerry and the National Education Association, say the schools do not have the resources to meet the new standards, although the Education Committee of the House of Representatives in June 2003 said that in three years under The Bush administration budget of the Ministry of Education has been increased by $ 13.2 billion. The governments of some American states refuse to provisions in the Act to carry out until they receive adequate funding.
ScienceOn December 19, 2002 Bush signed the law H. R. 4664, the far-reaching legislation to the National Science Foundation (NSF) to indicate a move towards the doubling of its budget over five years and new initiatives to create mathematics and science, both at pre-university and undergraduate level.
Some scientists are upset about immigration restrictions that arose from considerations of national security, with the unintended consequence declining immigration of foreign scientists.
Bush opposes embryonic stem cell research and makes only limited resources Fri The federal funding of embryonic stem cell research was introduced under the Clinton administration (on January 19, 1999), but there was no money to be spent until the guidelines were announced. The guidelines were released under Clinton (on August 23, 2000). They were the use of unused frozen embryos. Bush announced on Aug. 9, 2001, before any aid was granted, changes in the guidelines that only the use of existing stem cell lines would allow.
While Bush claimed that more than 60 privately funded embryonic stem cell lines exist for research, said scientists in 2003 that there were only 11 usable lines, and in 2005 came the announcement that all lines approved, federal subsidies were contaminated and unusable. Funding research on adult stem cells was not restricted.
In February 2004 signed more than 5,000 scientists - including 48 Nobel Prize winners - the Union of Concerned Scientists, a statement that "opposition to the use of scientific advice to government by the Bush administration." They concluded that "the Bush administration has ignored unbiased scientific advice in policy making that is so important to our collective welfare."
On January 14, 2004 Bush announced a major budget increase for NASA in its "vision for space exploration". It called for a return to the moon in 2020, completing the International Space Station in 2010 and eventually sending astronauts to Mars. Although the plan generally received lukewarm, the budget was approved with some minor changes after the November elections. In January 2005, the White House a new document from which the Policy of the Government broadly sketched and the development of space transport capabilities to national security ties.
Environment
The environmental policy of the Bush administration has been criticized by most environmentalists, who argue that its admission policy to the requirements of environmental protection industries to weaken. Two important laws encountered in 2002, however, little resistance: the Great Lakes Legacy Act that the federal government authorizes to start with cleaning up pollution and contaminated sediments in the Great Lakes and the Brownfields Legislation that the cleaning of abandoned industrial areas and "brownfields "(abandoned storage of hazardous materials, gas stations, etc.) accelerates.
In December of 2003, Bush signed laws that the main points of his "Healthy Forests Initiative" carry them out. Environmental groups argue that this plan simply amounts to giving away the undergrowth to sawmills. Bush insisted on winning large stocks of oil in the ecologically sensitive Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a nature reserve above the Arctic Circle. This area is generally regarded as the last pristine wilderness in the United States. Most of the extracted oil are shipped to other countries like Japan, where U.S. oil companies can achieve greater profits. Foreign sales of the oil increases the controversy as previously stated that drilling in this area the U.S. dependence on foreign fossil fuels would reduce. Another controversial issue is the "Clean Air Initiative", opponents say the initiative utilities by their degree of pollutant emissions can actually increase.
Bush is opposed to the Kyoto Protocol because he says the economy of the United States would cause damage.Environmental groups note, however, that many officials of the Bush administration, besides Bush and Cheney himself, have ties to the energy industry, the automotive industry and other groups that have fought against the environment. Bush himself says that his reason for the Kyoto Protocol not to support the protocol that is excessively severe for the U.S. while other large countries like China and India almost untouched. Bush declared that "China is the second largest producer of greenhouse gases. Still, China is fully exempted from requirements of the Kyoto Protocol". He also expressed doubts on the scientific basis of global warming and called for more research to determine their validity.
In early 2005, the statement from the White House that the Bush administration is now convinced of the existence of global warming. The Bush administration now proposes to "to seek technological solutions to pollution abatement without the industry to limit".
ImmigrationBush, generally in favor of open borders, the liberalization of U.S. immigration policy one of the priorities of his second-term. He has proposed immigration legislation prohibiting the use of guest worker visas would greatly expand. His proposal would link employers with foreign workers for a maximum period of six years. During this period, immigrants can then apply for a permanent residence permit, which often can take years. Bush opposes a general amnesty for illegal aliens. He finds that immigrants who honestly try to enter the country as a disadvantage. Estimated mid-2005 there were 15 million illegal immigrants in the U.S.
TradeBush's tariff duties on imported steel and on Canadian soft lumber was controversial given its formal professed ideology of free market policies and attracted criticism from fellow conservatives and both affected countries. The steel tariff was later withdrawn under pressure from the WTO.
President Bush has refused to act against the theft of intellectual property by companies in china, such as commissions in the "Agreement on Commercial Aspects of Intellectual property" of the Word Trade Organizations possible.
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